What Are Peptides? A Scientific Introduction
An accessible overview of peptide biochemistry, from amino acid chains to biological signaling molecules.
BPC-157: Mechanisms, Research, and Limitations Explained
A structured breakdown of BPC-157, from core mechanisms and preclinical findings to the limitations of current evidence.
The Future of Mitochondrial Peptides in Human Biology
How mitochondrial-derived peptides like MOTS-c are reshaping our understanding of cellular communication, metabolism, and aging.
How Do Peptides Work in the Body? Mechanisms Explained
A structured overview of peptide mechanisms, from receptor binding and signal transduction to specificity, modes of action, and why context matters in research.
Peptides vs Proteins: What's the Difference?
A clear, structured comparison of peptides and proteins, covering size, structure, function, and why the distinction matters in biological research.
Growth Hormone Secretagogues: Mechanisms and Research Landscape
A structured review of GH secretagogue peptides including ipamorelin, GHRP-6, and their receptor pharmacology.
Peptides and Muscle Recovery: What Does Research Say?
An evidence-based overview of how peptides are studied in relation to muscle recovery, covering mechanisms, preclinical findings, human data, and key limitations.
Are Peptides Safe? What Research Actually Shows
A balanced, evidence-based analysis of peptide safety, distinguishing between clinically approved compounds and experimental research peptides.
Why Most Peptide Research Is Still Preclinical
An analytical overview of why the majority of peptide research remains in preclinical stages, covering drug development pipelines, translation challenges, and how to interpret early-stage evidence.
What Evidence Maturity Means at Peptalis
A foundational explanation of how Peptalis classifies research maturity, and why this distinction matters for responsible peptide interpretation.
Epitalon and Telomere Function: A Systematic Review
A structured review of the preclinical evidence for Epitalon's role in telomerase activation and cellular ageing, including methodological critique and open questions.
Peptides in Recovery Research: What Is Actually Being Studied?
A structured overview of how peptides appear within recovery-oriented research, covering compound groups, relevant mechanisms, and key evidence limitations.
Peptides, from building block to whole
A seven-part crash course that builds the foundation step by step, from amino acids and sequence to messengers, evidence, and the language of the field.
Why good peptide research is scarce
A six-part crash course on why much peptide evidence stays scarce: how research is funded, why patents matter, and how to read scarce evidence honestly.
Research-grade in practice
How a research peptide is made and checked, from synthesis to a verified vial.
Tissue repair: what the research shows now, and the horizon
How the body repairs itself, which peptides are studied, and the horizon as an outlook.
Reading the evidence: the dots and levels
The dots show how much is known about a compound, not how good it is. How to read the five levels.
Where peptides come from: the body and the lab
Made by the body or in the lab: why it remains the same type of molecule.
Retatrutide: the triple agonist, what the research shows now, and the horizon
A synthetic peptide that does, in one molecule, what three hormones do apart: phase 2, the published TRIUMPH phase 3 studies, and the horizon as an outlook.
Mitochondria-targeted compounds: SS-31, MOTS-c and Humanin
Three chemically unrelated compounds, one address in the cell: what the research shows, and where the evidence is strong versus still preclinical.
Why research peptides contain 'strange' amino acids
A D before an amino acid, a doubly-methylated tyrosine, a shielded terminus: design choices rather than errors, and what they do for stability and selectivity.
LL-37: the body's own antibiotic, with two faces
The same molecule that clears intruders can also keep inflammation burning, and that is exactly where the scientific question sits.
KPV: a tripeptide from α-MSH, and what “thin evidence” actually means
Three amino acids at the tail end of a larger hormone: a clear mechanistic idea and a deliberately narrow evidence base.
The GLP class: from one receptor to three
Behind the medicines that are suddenly everywhere lies a fifteen-year engineering story about a single gut hormone, from one receptor to three.
Cagrilintide: the amylin track beside GLP-1
While attention went to GLP-1 analogues, a second pancreatic hormone quietly built a research line of its own, from molecular design to phase 3a.
Senolytic peptides: FOXO4-DRI and the questions still open
One Cell paper put a peptide on the map in 2017. Nine years on, the structural basis has been resolved, and clinical validation still has not arrived.
Amylin: the hormone that waited twenty years
The first amylin medicine was approved in 2005. Twenty years later, the class returned as long-acting analogues paired with GLP-1 research.
GLP-1: how a gut hormone steers appetite, the stomach and the pancreas
GLP-1 lasts a few minutes and acts on four organs at once. What changes when a long-acting agonist keeps the same receptor occupied for a week?
GIP: the incretin hormone that works both ways
GIP raises insulin when blood glucose is high and glucagon when it is low. In mice, both activating and blocking its receptor lower weight. What is known, and what is still open.
Two incretin receptors at once: what combining GLP-1 and GIP delivers
A molecule that activates both the GLP-1 and the GIP receptor lowers weight and glucose in trials more than a GLP-1 agonist alone. Why that is so is less settled.
Glucagon: the hormone that switches the liver on, and why it is studied in combinations
Glucagon switches the liver on and raises energy expenditure. Paired with GLP-1, only those effects are meant to remain. What trials with survodutide, mazdutide and retatrutide show.
HPLC: Purity versus Peptide Content
What an HPLC number does and does not tell you about a research peptide: chromatographic purity versus true peptide content.
Certificate of Analysis: What It Does and Does Not Say
What a CoA actually reports, which fields are methodologically binding, and the interpretive limits every reader should know.
Mass Spectrometry: Identity, Not Proof of Everything
What mass spectrometry on a CoA proves (molecular identity) and which questions it does not answer.
Batch Testing versus Supplier Documentation
Why a supplier CoA and a batch-release test represent two distinct evidence tiers, and how Peptalis links them.
Preclinical versus Human Evidence, and Dose-Response
Why preclinical findings are not human confirmation, and why dose-response is its own layer of evidence.